Category: Communication

In 1789, Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements, grouping them into gases, metals, nonmetals, and earths. Chemists spent the following century searching for a more precise classification scheme. In 1829, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner observed that many of the elements could be grouped into triads based on their chemical properties. Lithium, sodium, and potassium, for example, were grouped together in a triad as soft, reactive metals. Döbereiner also observed that, when arranged by atomic weight, the second member of each triad was roughly the average of the first and the third this became known as the Law of Triads. German chemist Leopold Gmelin worked with this system, and by 1843 he had identified ten triads, three groups of four, and one group of five. Jean-Baptiste Dumas published work in 1857 describing relationships between various groups of metals. Although various chemists were able to identify relationships between small groups of elements, they had yet to build one scheme that encompassed them all.

In 1857, German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often has four other atoms bonded to it. Methane, for example, has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.This concept eventually became known as valency; different elements bond with different numbers of atoms.

In 1862, Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, a French geologist, published an early form of periodic table, which he called the telluric helix or screw. He was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements. With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight, de Chancourtois showed that elements with similar properties seemed to occur at regular intervals. His chart included some ions and compounds in addition to elements. His paper also used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram; as a result, it received little attention until the work of Dmitri Mendeleev.

In 1864, Julius Lothar Meyer, a German chemist, published a table with 44 elements arranged by valency. The table showed that elements with similar properties often shared the same valencyConcurrently, William Odling (an English chemist) published an arrangement of 57 elements, ordered on the basis of their atomic weights. With some irregularities and gaps, he noticed what appeared to be a periodicity of atomic weights among the elements and that this accorded with “their usually received groupings”.Odling alluded to the idea of a periodic law but did not pursue it.He subsequently proposed (in 1870) a valence-based classification of the elements.

English chemist John Newlands produced a series of papers from 1863 to 1866 noting that when the elements were listed in order of increasing atomic weight, similar physical and chemical properties recurred at intervals of eight; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music. This so termed Law of Octaves, however, was ridiculed by Newlands’ contemporaries, and the Chemical Society refused to publish his work. Newlands was nonetheless able to draft a table of the elements and used it to predict the existence of missing elements, such as germanium.The Chemical Society only acknowledged the significance of his discoveries five years after they credited Mendeleev.

In 1867, Gustavus Hinrichs, a Danish born academic chemist based in America, published a spiral periodic system based on atomic spectra and weights, and chemical similarities. His work was regarded as idiosyncratic, ostentatious and labyrinthine and this may have militated against its recognition and acceptance

change quantity if it is not added or removed. Hence, the quantity of mass is “conserved” over time. The law implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space, or the entities associated with it may be changed in form, as for example when light or physical work is transformed into particles that contribute the same mass to the system as the light or work had contributed. Thus, during any chemical reaction, nuclear reaction, or radioactive decay in an isolated system, the total mass of the reactants or starting materials must be equal to the mass of the products.

The concept of mass conservation is widely used in many fields such as chemistry, mechanics, and fluid dynamics. Historically, mass conservation was discovered in chemical reactions by Antoine Lavoisier in the late 18th century, and was of crucial importance in the progress from alchemy to the modern natural science of chemistry.

The closely related concept of matter conservation was found to hold good in chemistry to such high approximation that it failed only for the high energies treated by the later refinements of relativity theory, but otherwise remains useful and sufficiently accurate for most chemical calculations, even in modern practice.

In special relativity, needed for accuracy when large energy transfers between systems is involved, the difference between thermodynamically  closed and isolated systems becomes important, since conservation of mass is strictly and perfectly upheld only for so-called isolated systems, i.e. those completely isolated from all exchanges with the environment. In this circumstance, the mass–energy equivalence theorem states that mass conservation is equivalent to total energy conservation, which is the first law of thermodynamics. By contrast, for a thermodynamically closed system (i.e., one which is closed to exchanges of matter, but open to exchanges of non-material energy, such as heat and work, with the surroundings) mass is (usually) only approximately conserved. The input or output of non-material energy must change the mass of the system in relativity theory, although the change is usually small, since relatively large amounts of such energy (by comparison with ordinary experience) carry only a small amount of mass (again by ordinary standards of measurement).

In special relativity, mass is not converted to energy, since mass and energy cannot be destroyed, and energy in all of its forms always retains its equivalent amount of mass throughout any transformation to a different type of energy within a system (or translocation into or out of a system). Certain types of matter (a different concept) may be created or destroyed, but in all of these processes, the energy and mass associated with such matter remains unchanged in quantity (although type of energy associated with the matter may change form).

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The Regia Marina was formed on 17 March 1861, after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy. The Italian Navy assumed its present name after the Italian monarchy was abolished following a popular referendum held on 2 June 1946.At the end of its five years involvement in World War II, Italy was a devastated nation. After the end of hostilities the Regia Marina, which at the beginning of the war was the fourth largest navy in the world with a mix of modernised and new battleships, started a long and complex rebuilding process. The important combat contributions of the Italian naval forces after the signing of the armistice with the Allies on 8 September 1943, and the subsequent cooperation agreement on 23 September 1943, left the Regia Marina in a poor condition, with much of its infrastructure and bases unusable and its ports mined and blocked by sunken ships. However, a large number of its naval units had survived the war, albeit in a low efficiency state, which was due to the conflict and the age of many vessels.

 I  personally think that all of this  inventions upgrade are benefits for the country it self and how the development of the weapons help organizations like NATO and others like the G7’s. When it comes to open-ocean warfare, nothing rivals the capabilities of the  Navy.  But future conflicts may call for faster and  agile. All the navies fight to protect their country with there technology. But that is not good for the world its self, this is because when new technology come into war and it hasn’t been tested of the affects of the terrain and the people it can be more devastating that you could imagine example Hiroshima. They knew what it was a powerful weapon because they tested it out on the Marshall Islands but didn’t anticipate the long term affects . When these particles come into contact  human tissue, they will damage them if levels are high enough, causing burns and cancer. Ionizing radiation can be fatal for humans. REM this is a unit we use to measure radiation  dosage. 

But on the other hand technological improvements helps us in ways that we can imagine . 102 years ago we used ships to go around the world but now the use planes. This Inventions is wonderful because when I go to Italy I get bored in a 3 hour flight image me staying on a ship for 1-3 weeks  and to carry on the first plane could only carry 14 passengers and now we could carry 855 passengers and we are still making bigger and faster planes  here are some examples of militarily planes .EH101 ASW / ASUW /Agusta / Westland EH101 ASW / ASUW. medium-heavy helicopter can perform anti-submarine duties, anti-ship, air and naval command and control of operations, Maritime Patrol Helicopter, search and rescue (SAR) and if necessary also assaults.AV-Boeing Harrier II “Plus” AV-8B. All-weather fighter-seater subsonic, direct evolution of VSTOL British Aerospace. 

The Wonder , The sounds , The undiscoverd

The world is covered

In this blue thing

That will bling and cling

The animals in it are amazing

They are worth praising

In the Deep

To explore  all of it will be a massive leap

We are slowley destroying it

humans should use there whit

To save

We have to be brave

Im  talking about our sea

Think about the marine life swimming free

With out the  human race

They can live in there own place

The smell,The delight , The taste

Nothing so big and so great.

The taste in your mouth is wonderful

It can be very colourful

The heat can be like the sizzling scouring sun

You can have a lot of fun

The sizzle

The water will drizzle

It will fizz

What do you think it is ?

The colours

Are like flowers

The good experience

Is  worth every pence

with this everyone’s happy

If it’s not looked after it will take like nappies

Ahhhh pizza

The best one is made in Piza

Thats in Italy

Lets not forget about Sicily

In America they fake it

They tried to nick it

The fake bit is the topping

They think it’s popping

Pizzaaaaaaaaa is GREAT

Its like a grape

Lets finish it of

With a bit of fog???

Act 1 Scene 1

FIRST WITCH
When should the three of us meet again? Will it be in thunder, lightning, or rain?
SECOND WITCH
We’ll meet when the noise of the battle is over, when one side has won and the other side has lost.
THIRD WITCH
That will happen before sunset.
FIRST WITCH
Where should we meet?
SECOND WITCH
Let’s do it in the open field.
THIRD WITCH
We’ll meet Macbeth there.
FIRST WITCH
I’m coming, Graymalkin!
SECOND WITCH
My toad, Paddock, calls me.
THIRD WITCH
I’ll be right here!
ALL
Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Let’s fly away through the fog and filthy air.

FIRST WITCh

Where have you been ?

SECOND WITCH

Killing insects

THIRD W

And you mate

First W

A sailor’s wife had chestnuts in her lap and munched away at them. “Give me one,” I said. “Get away from me, witch!” the fat woman cried. Her husband has sailed off to Aleppo as master of a ship called the Tiger. I’ll sail there in a kitchen strainer, turn myself into a tailless rat, and do things to him

SECOND W

I’ll give you some wind to sail there

FIRST W

How nice of you!

Today I witnessed the greatest battle in my lifetime so far.  There was a great meeting between the forces of King Duncan and the rebels lead by Mcdonald. The fight was a good one and hard to interpret the upper hand. The advantage swayed from the national army and the rebels.  It was then I saw him. Macbeth. He was the biggest, bravest Scotsman I’ve seen. He came welding his thin blade of valour. As the war waged on the leader of the rebels came to fight and he challenged Macbeth to a one on one battle. Of course this was after Macbeth had slain the rebels and created a direct path to Mcdonald.  In the fight Macbeth had completely dominated their leader.  He killed him so gruesomely.  Macbeth took his blade and sliced Mcdonald from his belly to his jaw. After the loss of their leader the rebels retreated with King Duncan and his forces giving chase.

We thought the battle was over but actually it was just the beginning of a full out war. Macbeth and his men were still cheering on, little did they know a Norwegian Lord came to the rebels aid and started a fresh attack on Macbeth and all of the army. The surprise attack took its toll however that would not silence the silenced blade of Macbeth. This time round Macbeth had to share his glory with Banquo. Although in reality Macbeth did all the work.  Anyway the two one the battle for King Duncan.

Dear Friend

As you may alraedy know I have been working on a new play. I say new, Mecbeth. In this letter im going to tell you all about my plans for Act 1 Scene 1.

The play would have a modren to it this is because young people can connet to it.

The first witch would come in with a Ferrari . She is wearing a black nike tracksuit with a black nike hoodie to add to it she will have a Chicago Bulls snapback.

The second witch would come in with a Lamborghini . She is wearing light blue skinny jeans with a skeleton T shirt to add she wore a red flowered bandana over her head .

The third witch would come in with a black matt Buggati. She is wearing a mini skirt with a crop T shirt and hight heels ans she is going to carry a purse.

Then they all say

Then they all drive off very fast.